MOTION Part-1

 MOTION

Motion and rest:

if position of body changes with time then body is said to be in motion. But position of body does not change with time then body in  rest position

 There are three main types of motion:

Translational motion: This type of motion occurs when an object moves from one point to another in a straight line. Examples include a car moving on a straight road or a ball rolling down a ramp.

Rotational motion: This type of motion occurs when an object rotates around an axis. Examples include a spinning top or a rotating Earth.

Oscillatory motion: This type of motion occurs when an object moves back and forth around a central point. Examples include a pendulum swinging back and forth or a guitar string vibrating.

Distance :

Distance refers to the amount of space between two points or objects. It is a scalar quantity that can be measured in units such as meters, feet, or kilometers.

Distance is a fundamental concept in physics and is used to describe the position and movement of objects. It can be calculated by finding the length of the shortest path between two points. For example, if you are walking from point A to point B, the distance between the two points is the length of the path you take to get from A to B.

Displacement:

displacement refers to the overall change in position of an object or a particle from its initial position to the final position. It is a vector quantity that measures the straight-line distance and direction between two points. Displacement is different from distance, which is a scalar quantity that only measures the magnitude of the path traveled by an object, regardless of its starting and ending points.
The SI unit of displacement is meters (m).

Velocity:

Velocity is a physical quantity that describes the rate of change of an object's displacement with respect to time. It is a vector quantity, which means it has both magnitude and direction.

The average velocity of an object over a certain period of time is calculated by dividing the change in displacement by the time elapsed. The instantaneous velocity, on the other hand, is the limit of the average velocity as the time interval approaches zero.

The SI unit of velocity is meters per second (m/s), and it is usually represented by the symbol "v". The direction of velocity is given by the direction of the displacement. If the displacement is positive, then the direction of velocity is also positive, and vice versa.

Velocity is different from speed, which is a scalar quantity that only measures the magnitude of an object's motion, regardless of its direction.

Speed:

Speed is a scalar physical quantity that describes the rate at which an object covers distance. It is the magnitude of velocity and does not have any direction associated with it.

The average speed of an object over a certain period of time is calculated by dividing the total distance traveled by the time elapsed. The instantaneous speed, on the other hand, is the limit of the average speed as the time interval approaches zero.

The SI unit of speed is meters per second (m/s), and it is usually represented by the symbol "v" or "s". Unlike velocity, which is a vector quantity, speed does not take into account the direction of an object's motion.

Acceleration:

Acceleration is a physical quantity that describes the rate of change of an object's velocity with respect to time. It is a vector quantity that measures the rate at which an object's velocity is changing, both in magnitude and direction.

The average acceleration of an object over a certain period of time is calculated by dividing the change in velocity by the time elapsed. The instantaneous acceleration, on the other hand, is the limit of the average acceleration as the time interval approaches zero.

The SI unit of acceleration is meters per second squared (m/s^2), and it is usually represented by the symbol "a". Acceleration can be positive, negative, or zero, depending on the direction of the change in velocity. Positive acceleration means that the object is speeding up, negative acceleration (also known as deceleration or retardation) means that the object is slowing down, and zero acceleration means that the object's velocity is not changing.

Circular motion:

Circular motion is a type of motion in which an object moves in a circular path around a fixed point, also known as the center of rotation. The direction of motion is constantly changing, and the object experiences a continuous change in velocity and acceleration, even if the magnitude of the speed remains constant.

In circular motion, the acceleration of the object is always directed towards the center of the circle and is known as the centripetal acceleration. This acceleration is responsible for keeping the object moving in a circular path and is proportional to the square of the object's speed and inversely proportional to the radius of the circular path.

The speed of an object in circular motion can be calculated using the formula v = (2πr)/T, where v is the speed, r is the radius of the circle, and T is the period of rotation.

Examples of circular motion include the motion of planets around the sun, the motion of the moon around the Earth, and the motion of a car around a roundabout.

Projectile motion

Projectile motion is a type of motion in which an object, called a projectile, is thrown or launched into the air and then moves under the influence of gravity alone, with no additional horizontal forces acting on it.

During projectile motion, the object follows a parabolic path, with its trajectory being determined by its initial velocity, the angle at which it was launched, and the force of gravity acting on it. The horizontal component of the projectile's velocity remains constant throughout its flight, while the vertical component changes due to the effect of gravity.

The key characteristics of projectile motion include the maximum height reached by the object, the time of flight (the duration of the motion), and the range (the horizontal distance traveled by the projectile before it lands). These characteristics can be calculated using various kinematic equations that describe the motion of the projectile.

Projectile motion has many practical applications, including in sports such as basketball, football, and soccer, where players use projectile motion to launch the ball towards the goal, and in military applications such as artillery and missile trajectories.